2014 – Volume 3, Issue 2 / (Page 39-43)

The occurrence of enteric bacteria in marine environment and pollution

Berna Kilinc, Aysu Besler

 

Abstract


 The microbiological quality of the marine environment affects the microbiological quality of all fishery products. This study is a review of the occurence of enteric bacteria in freshly harvested fishery products dependent on the quality of marine environment from which these products are harvested. The control of marine environment from pollution as measured by the index of fecal coliform bacteria is necessary. Otherwise, our fishery products can be contaminated from the polluted marine environment. Environmental factors are predominant for the quality of seafoods.These factors consist of human and animal sources of enteric bacteria in the marine environment. Enteric bacteria in polluted marine environment can contaminate migratory fish species, mobile fish species as well as sedentary shellfish. Molluscs such as oysters, mussels, cockles, and clams filter and concentrate environmental microorganisms in high numbers in their tissues. These microorganisms may be active when the molluscs are eaten raw. Some enteric pathogenic bacteria can be found in polluted marine environment are Clostridium spp. such as C. perfringens, C. botulinum, Salmonella spp. such as Salmonella typhi, Shigella spp., Vibrio spp. such as V. parahaemolyticus, Vibrio chlorea, Escherichia spp. such as E. coli. These pathogens can also be found in live fish and shellfish. Furthermore, the microorganisms found on seafood may cause various illnesses and death as well. The safety of various seafood products varies according to the origin of the fish, microbiological ecology of the product, handling and processing practices and traditional preparations before consumption. Marine environment must be protected from the pollution to limit disease outbreaks of enteric pathogenic bacteria.

 

Keywords

 Enteric bacteria, Pathogens, Pollution, Marine environment, Indicator microorganisms, Fecal pollution

 

Download Full-Text

 

References

  • Abreu-Acosta, N. and L. Vera 2011. Occurence and removal of parasites, enteric bacteria and faecal contamination indicators in wastewater natural reclamation systems in Tenerife- Canary Islands, Spain, Ecological Engineering, 37:496-503.
  • Al-Bahry, S, Mahmoud I.Y., Al-Belushi, K.I.A., Elshafie, A.E, AlHarthy,A. and C.K. Bakheit. 2009. Coastal sewage discharge and its impact on fish with reference to antibiotic resistant enteric bacteria and enteric pathogens as bio-indicators of pollution. Chemosphere, 77:1534–1539.
  • Aulisio, C.C.G., Lanier, J.M. and M.A. Chappel. 1982. Yersinia enterocolitica O:13 associated with outbreaks in three southern states. Journal of Food Protection, 45:1263-1267.
  • Avery, S., Moore, A. and M.L. Hurchison. 2004. Fate of Escherichia coli from livestock faeces deposited directly onto pasture. Letters Applied Microbiology, 35:355-359.
  • Bercovier, H., Brenner, D.J.,Ursing, J., Steigerwalt, A.G., Fanning, G.R., Alonso, J.M., Carter,G.P. and H.H. Mollaret. 1980. Characterization of Yersinia enterocolitica sensu stricto. Current Microbiology, 4:201-206.
  • Bezirtzoglou, E., Panagiou, A., Savvaidis, I. and V. Maipa. 1997. Distribution of Clostridium perfringens in polluted lake environments. Anaerobe, 3:169-172.
  • Campos, C.J.A., Acornley, R., Morgan, O.C. and S. Kershaw. 2013. Trends in the levels of Escherichia coli in commercially harvested bivalve shellfish from England and Wales 1999- 2008. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 67:223-227.
  • Charoenca, N., Fujioka, R.S. 1995. Association of staphylococcal skin infections and swimming. Water Science and Technology, 31(5-6):11-17.
  • Chavez, M.R.C., Sedas, V.P., Borunda, E.O. and F.L. Reynosa. 2005. Influence of water temperature and salinity on seasonal occurrences of Vibrio cholerae and enteric bacteria in oyster-producing areas of Veracruz, Mexico, Marine Pollution Bulletin, 50:1641-1648.
  • Chung, H., Jaykus, L.A., Lovelace, G. and M.D. Sobsey. 1998. Bacteriophages and bacteria as indicators of enteric viruses in oysters and their harvest waters. Water Science and Technology, 38(12):37-44.
  • Curiel-Ayala, F., Quinones-Ramirez, E.I., Pless, R.C. and E. Gonzalez-Lasso. 2012. Comparative studies on Enterococcus, Clostridium perfringens and Staphylococcus aureus as quality indicators in tropical seawater at a Pacific Mexican beach resort. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 64:2193- 2198.
  • Dan, T. B., Wynne, D. and Y. Manor. 1997. Survival of enteric bacteria and viruses in Lake Kinneret, Israil. Water Research, 31(11):2755-2760.
  • Fleisher, J.M.1993. Water and non-water related risk factors for gastroenteritis among bathers exposed to sewage contaminated marine waters. International Journal of Epidemiology, 22:698-708.
  • Fu, L., Shuai, J., Wang, Y., Ma, H. and J. Li. 2011. Temporal genetic variability and host sources of Escherichia coli associated with fecal pollution from domesticated animals in the shellfish culture environment of Xiangshan Bay, East China Sea. Environmental Pollution, 159:2808-2814.
  • Gabutti, G., De Donna, A., Bagordo, F. and M.T. Montagna. 2000. Comparative survival of faecal and human contaminants and use of Staphylococcus aureus as an effective indicator of human pollution. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 40(8):697- 700.
  • Garrido-Maestu, A., Chapela, M., Peneranda, E., Vieites, J.M. and A.G. Cabado. 2014. In-house validation of novel multiplex real-time PCR gene combination for the simultaneous detection of the main human pathogenic vibrios (Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus). Food Control, 37, 371-379.
  • Holvoet, K., Sampers, I., Seynnaeve, M. and M. Uyttendaele. 2014. Relationships among hygiene indicators and enteric pathogens in irrigation water, soil and lettuce and the impact of climatic conditions on contamination in the lettuce primary production. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 171(3):21-31.
  • Hughes, K.A. and A. Thompson. 2004. Distribution of sewage pollution around a maritime Antartic researh station indicated by faecal coliforms, Clostridium perfringens and faecal sterol markers. Environmental Pollution, 127:315- 321.
  • Ishii, S. and M.J. Sadowsky. 2008. Escherichia coli in the environment: Implications for water quality and human health. Microbes and Environments, 23(2):101-108.
  • Jones, F.T. and K.E. Richardson. 2004. Salmonella in commercially manufactured feeds. Poultry Science, 83:384-391.
  • Kilinc, B. 2001. Su Ürünlerinde Listeria monocytogenes, Ege Üniversitesi Su Ürünleri Dergisi, 18:565-574.
  • Kim, G. and J. Hur. 2010. Mortality rates of pathogen indicator microorganisms discharged from point and non-point sources in an urban area. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 22(6):929-933.
  • Lipp, E.K., Farrah, S.A., Rose, J.B. 2001. Assesment and Impact of Microbial Fecal Pollution and Human Enteric Pathogens in a Coastal Community. Marina Pollution Bulletin, 42 (4), 286- 293.
  • Lunestad, B.T., Nesse, L., Lassen, J., Svihus, B., Nesbakken, T., Fossum, K., Rosnes, J.T., Kruse, H. and S. Yazdankhah. 2007. Salmonella in fish feed; occurence and implications for fish and human health in Norway. Aquaculture, 265:1- 8.
  • Morrison, C.M., Armstrong, A.E., Evans, S., Mild, R.M., Langdon, C.J. and L.A. Joens. 2011. Survival of Salmonella Newport in oysters. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 148:93-98.
  • Neogi, S.B., Chowdhury, N., Asakura, M., Hinenoya, A., Haldar, S. and S.M. Saidi. 2010. A highly sensitive and specific multiplex PCR assay for simultaneous detection of Vibrio chlorea, Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 51(3):293-300.
  • Sahlstrom, L., Aspa, A., Bagge, E., Tham, M.L.D. and A. Albihn. 2004. Bacterial pathogen incidences in sludge from Swedish sewage treatment plants. Water Research, 38:1989-1994.
  • Santhiya, G., Lakshumanan, C., Selvin, J. and D. Asha. 2011. Microbiological analysis of seawater and sediments in urban shorelines: Occurrence of heavy metals resistance bacteria on Chennai beaches, Bay of Bengal, Microchemical Journal, 99:197-202.
  • Savichtcheva, O. and S. Okabe. 2006. Alternative indicators of fecal pollution: Relations with pathogens and conventional indicators, current methodologies for direct pathogen monitoring and future application perspectives. Water Research, 40:2463-2476.
  • Scott, T.M., Rose, J.B., Jenkiss, T.M., Farrah, S.R. and J. Lukasik. 2002. Microbial source tracking: methodology and future directions. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 68:5796-5803.
  • Sidhu, J.P.S. and S.G. Toze. 2009. Human pathogens and their indicators in biosolids: A literatüre review. Environment International, 35(1):187-201.
  • Sinton, L.W., Hall, C.H., Lynch, P.A. and R.J. Davies-Colley. 2002. Sunlight inactivation of fecal indicator bacteria and bacteriophages from waste stabilization pond effluent in fresh and saline waters. Applied and Environment Microbiology, 68:1122-1131.
  • Skanavis, C. and W. Yanko. 2001. Clostridium perfringens as a potential indicator for the presence of sewage solids in marine sediments. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 42(1):31-35.
  • Venkateswaran, K., Kim, S.W., Nakona, H., Onbe, T. and H. Hashimoto. 1989. The association of Vibrio parahaemolyticus serotypes with zooplankton and its relationship with bacterial indicators of Pollution, Systematic and Applied Microbiology, 11(2):194-201.
  • Vieira, R.H.S.F., Rodrigues, D.P., Evangelista, N.S.S, Teophilo, G.N.D. and E.M.F. Reis. 1998. Colimetry of marine waters off Fortaleza, Brazil and detection of entero-pathogenic E.coli strains. International Microbiology, 1:221-224.
  • Ward, D.R. and C. Hackney. 1991. Microbiology of marine food products. Published by Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 443 p. ISBN 0-442-23346-9.
  • Wei, S., Zhao, H., Xian, Y., Hussain, M.A. and X. Wu. 2014. Multiplex PCR assays fort he detection of Vibrio alginolyticus, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio vulnificus, and Vibrio cholerae with an internal amplification control. Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease, 79(2):115- 118.
  • Wennberg, A.C., Tryland, I., Ostensvik, O., Secic, I., Monshaugen, M. and H. Liltved. 2013. Effect of water treatment on the growth potential of Vibrio cholerae and Vibrio parahaemolyticus in seawater. Marine Environmental Research, 83:10-15.
  • Wheeler, A. 2002. Potential of Enterococcus feacalis as a human fecal indicator for microbial source tracking. Journal of Environmental Quality, 31:1286-1293.
  • Whittman, R.J. and G.J. Flick. 1996. Microbial contamination of shellfish prevalence risk to human health and control strategies. Annual Review of Public Health, 16:123-140.